Impulse-transmitter for automatic telephone plants.



G. A. BETULANDER. IMPULSE TRANSMlTTER FOR AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE PLANTS. APPLICATION FILED FEB. 26. i913.

1,142,228; PatentedJune 8,1915.

5 SHEETS--SHEET l.

I ATTY I G. A. BETULANDER. IMPULSE TRANSMITTER FOR AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE PLANTS.

.APPLlCATION FILED rs.26. l9l3.

1,142,228. Patented June 8,1915.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 2- e. A. BETULANDER. IMPULSE TRANSMITTER FOR AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE PLANTS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 26 I913- 1 ,142,228. Patented June 8, 1915.

i I 5 SHEETS-SHEET 3- T19 &

ATTV G. A. BETULANDER.

IMPULSE TRANSMITTER FOR AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE PLANTS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 26. 1913.

1,142,228 Patented June 8, 1915.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

G. A. BETULANDER. IMPULSE TRANSMITTER FOR AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE PLANTS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 26. I913.

Patented June 8, 1915;

5 SHEETS-SHEET 5- ATT)" eo'rrrnrm enseenrus BETULANDER, F

uurrnin STATES PATENT orrron TO THE EBETULANDEB AI TTOMATIC TELEPHONE COMPANY, LIMITED, OF LONDON,

ENGLAND. 4

IMPULSE-TRANSMITTER FOR AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE PLANTS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented June 8, 1915.

Application filed February 26, 1918. Serial No. 750,762. I

certain new and useful Improvements in Im-- pulse-Transmitters for Automatic Telephone lants, of which the following is a specification, accompanying drawings.

This invention relates to impulse transmitters for automatic telephone plants of that class, which consist of one or more successively operating impulse mechanisms, each comprising an impulse efi'ecting implement, which is adjusted by means of a pointer, lever arm or the like, and a return device for the said implement, which is wound up by the adjustment of the corresponding pointer, etc.

The main object of the invention is to Sim-- plify the manipulation of the said apparatus and .consists in the return device being locked in each advanced position, while the impulse efiecting implement can be returned from one adjusted position to a preceding position, inde endently of thereturn device, so that in this manner a wrong adjustment can be corrected immediately, without first permitting the contact device to run down. The accompanying drawings show several forms of the invention, adapted to apparatus for a number of. subscribers up to 100,000.

Figures 1 and 2 are a front view and an end view respectively of the apparatus. Fig. 3 isa front view of one form,-ofthe invention, the casing of the apparatus being removed. Fig. 4 shows the same ap aratus viewed from the left hand side in ig. 3. Fig. 5 is a rear side view, of the same apparatus; for the sake of clearness the impulse mechanisms are omitted. 'Fig. 6 shows the same parts as Fig. 5 lefthand side. line A to B of Fig. 5, viewed in the direction of the arrow. Fig. 8 isa side vie'w'of one 10 show some details of the said mechanism, viewed from the side and in section. Figs. 11, 12, 13 and-14 show other forms of the invention.

The apparatus shown in.Fig s..1'-to 10 inclusive consists substantially of five'impulse mechanisms 1, II, III, IV, V, located slde reference being had therein to the on a stud, 9, provided on the sup but viewed from the Fig. 7 is a section on the the said impulse mechanisms and is jour-' naled in two uprights 2 fixed to the said base plate. The shaft 3 carries five ratchet wheels 4, firmly fixed to the same, and at its one end a toothed wheel 6, which by a gear- DERTfiRNS VILLASTAD, SWEDEN, ASSIGNOR ing 7 is connected with a regulating screw 5 (Figs. 3 and 5). The arrangement of the impulse mechanism is shown most clearly in F' s. 8, 9 and 10.

ach impulse mechanism chiefly comprises an impulse effecting member consisting" of an impulse "disk, 26, provided with teeth, 40, means for adjusting saidimpulse disk consisting ofa lever or pointer, 16, and a'return device for said impulse disk consistingof a spiral spring, 14, a ratchet disk, 11, and a cam disk, 27. The return device is adapted to be wound up by the adjustment of the impulse disk and for that purpose there is a coupling between the impulse disk 26 and the return device consisting of shoulder,

28, provided on the cam disk, 2 and of a pin, 29, fixed to the impulse disk, 26. When the impulse consequently, be ad usted backward inde-' pendently of the return device, ifrequired for the correction of a wrong adjustment.

The construction and operation of the impulse mechanism will be better understood by the following detailed description.

The ratchetdisk 11 is rotata ly mounted port, 8. A cylindrical ring, 13, is fixed to said disk 11 by means of screws, 12. Inside the ring. 13 the spiral spring 14 is located, one end of which is-fixed to the ring and the other end of which is fixed to the reduced part of the said stud 9. Mounted on the ring 13 is another ring, 15, which forms the bearing for an adjusting disk, pointer, 16, and provided wit teeth, 18, 00'- operating with a yielding catching device, 19., 20, fixed to the siiipport. The saldcatching device may, evi ently, be made in one piece, but the construction shown is 1 used for the purpose stated in'connecti'on with the description of; the operation of the appara- 17 made inte a1 with the tus.

- 26. The disk 26 is rotatably mounted on the ring 13, in front of the disk, 17, and is held in its position on thering 13 by the cam disk 27, which is mounted outsidethe disk 26 and fixed to the ring 13 by screws. The cam disk 27 tends, by means of its cam surface 30, to disengage a pawl, 31, pivoted to the adjacent impulse mechanism and acted upon by a spring 32. Said pawl is adapted to engage the teeth, 10, of the disk, 11, of the adjacent impulse mechanism, and is provided with a pin, 33, which is acted upon by the cam surface, 30, at the end of the returning movement of the disk 27'. Also the hook 24 of the adjusting disk 17 is provided with a pin 34, which bears against a shoulder on the pointer 16, when the hook is in its raised position, the hook being thus prevented from being disengaged from the shoulder 25 of the disk 26. On the other hand the hook 24 can move freely over a roller 36 provided on the im ulse disk 26.

A. one armed, semi-circu ar lever 37 is pivoted to the lower part of the support 8, which by a spring 38 is forced against the pin 29 of the impulse disk 26. As shown in Fig. 9 the said lever is provided on its inner side with a projection or cam surface 39, which is acted upon by the pin 29, so that the lever 37, when occupying the position shown in Fig. 8, keeps the hook 24 out of engagement with a recess formed in the impulse disk by the shoulder 25 and the roller 35. As on the other hand, the said disk is rotated, the pin 29 is caused to slide on the curve shaped surface provided on the lever,- so that the lever is swung inward by the spring 38 and consequently the hook 24 is brought into engagement with the impulse disk.

In connection with the above statement it may be observed, that the lever 37, acted upon by the pin 29 andthe spring 38, actuates the hook 24 of the adjacent impulse mechanism andthat the lever 37 006 erating with-the impulse mechanism I is pivoted to the upright 2 and is acted uponby the suspension device for the receiver, in consequence whereof partly the fork 41 for the transmitter (Figs. land 2) must be depressed, for permitting the adjustment to be effected, and partly the adjustment of the pointers must be duly effected inorder from the left hand side in Fig. 3, the desired number being thus always set by means of the proper pointers.

To the disk 11 two pawls 42, 43, are pivoted, which by springs 44 and 45, fixed to the said disk, are forced against the teeth of the ratchet wheel 4. One of the said pawls is longer than the other pawl by one half of the toothpitch, an exact and reliable adjustment being thereby insured. Consequently, the sole mechanical connection between all the impulse mechanisms and the shaft 3 running freely in the openings 46 into contact, as the said disk is returned toits position of rest by the spring 14 (Fig. 9). Instead of the said abutment 47. being rigid, as shown in the drawings, it may, evidently, be yielding, which is suitable, espgcially when a spring of great tension is use All impulse mechanisms are identical as to their construction, except the impulse mechanism V, the impulse disk 26 of which is provided with a projecting cam 49 (Figs. 4, 6 and 7), the object of which is to keep the parts, acting upon the contact mechanism, out of contact with the remaining impulse disks, until also the impulse disk 26, 49 corresponding to the unit figure, has been adjusted. Consequently, if the receiver "is raised from the fork, before the pointer,

corresponding to the unit figure, has been adjusted, it will result only in all the adj usted devices returning to their positions of rest without acting upon the contact mechanism i. e. without any impulses of current being transmitted through the. line.

In the base plate 1 two uprights 50'are fixed, to the top ends of which a plate 51, extending longitudinally of the apparatus, is fixed. In the upward extending ends of the said plate a shaft 52 is journaled, on which a number of hooks 53, cooperating with the impulse disks, are mounted in an adjustable manner. To one of two locking rings 54 mounted on the shaft 52 a helical spring 55 is fixed, the other end of which is fixedto the plate 51, so that through the action of the said spring the hooks 53, firmly fixed to the shaft 52, are brought into contact with the impulse disks 26. To'the shaft 52 a lever arm 56 is fixed, which by means (Figs. 3 and 4), and is held, when the rethe lever arm anism ceiver is removed from the fork, ina raised paosition by a helical spring fixed to the ver arm 63 and to the upward extending part of the plate 51. A lever arm 67, pivoted to one of the uprights 50, bears against the upward extending part 66' of the lever arm 63 and is acted upon by a helical spring 68,-

the object of. the said lever arm 67 bemg partly to act upon the lower set of contacts, shown in Fig. 5,'by means of a pin 69 provided on the lever arm, partly to cotiperate by its free end with a pin 70-provided on the regulating screw 50, so that the starting ofthe winding up mechanism is prevented, until the lever arm 67 is in its upper position, 2'. e. as the receiver'isremoved from its. fork.

For the purpose last mentioned an additional device is provided, which cotiperates with the pawl 31 at the first impulse mechanism I and the construction of which is shown more clearly in Fig. 4.

Tothe base plate 1 an upright 71 isfixed, to which a two armed lever 72 is pivoted, which is forced against the lever arm 63- by a spring 73, a pin, 74 provided on the lever arm 72 acting upon the pawl 31 of the said impulse mechamsm. Consequently, as the receiver is removed and the lever arm 63 is raised by the spring 65, also the two armed lever 72 is raised against the action of. thespring 73, so that the pin 7 4 is lowered and acts upon the pawl 31, thus bringing the same out of engagement with the teeth 10 of the ratchet wheel 11.

To the base plate 1 (Fig; 6) a further upright 75 is fixed, to which a leverv arm 77 1s. pivoted, which is acted upon by a sprin 76 and the free end of which is forced against the cam disk 27 of the impulse mech- V through the action of the said spring 76, while the other end oi the lever arm 77,, which has a notch 78,- coiiperates with. a projection 79 on the lever arm 67 in such manner, that the end last mentioned, as

77 is in: its upper position shown in dotted, lines, prevents the lever arm 67- frommoving downward, the lever arm last mentioned being thus prevented from, engaging the pin 7 Got the regulatitrg screw 5' ig. 5) for, the purpose sta The contact springs 58 and 80'of the-set shown in. Fig. 6 are connected with earth, while the contact spring 8].- is connected with ,one of the,,1i ne branches and-the.- -contact-,

spring 82, when the ating. position, i. -e. mov d. m. ts. o k other line branch.

apparatus is in its operwhen the receiver is reis. conn e With-$ .19

pivoted to' the support 2- 131, which, acted The lower set of. contact springs, Fig. 5,

is adapted to switch on the circuit of the real c1rcu1t and the connection ceiver the si 7 be top set of contactsprings with earth.

shown in the same figure forms a contact de- 70' vice, adapted to close for a moment one of the line circuits, as the receiver is put into its iork 41, but not to close the said circuit, as the receiver is removed.

The apparatus manner. During the settingof the desired number the receiver must be located in the fork 41. Consequently, the top part of the lever arm 37., belonging to the impulse mechanism I, is held in its lower position by 80 means ,of the rod 62 and the lever arm 63, so that the book 24 isbrought into engagement with the impulse disk 26 by the spring 23. As the pointer 16 of the impulse mechanism I is now set to the desired figure, it brings with itself the impulse disk '26 and by means of the pin 29 the cam disk 27' as well as the ratchet wheelll, firmly connected with the latter. The spring 14 is thus put under tension, and the disks 11 and 27 are held in the adjusted position by the pawl upon by the spring 32, has en ged the teeth 10-of the disk 11. The adjusting disk 17 with the impulse disk 26 .are held, against the action of the spring,

pulse disk. At the same time as the impulse I mechanism I has been brought outof its position of rest, the lever arm" 37 belonging to the'impulse mechanism II is released, owing to the fact that the pin 29 of the impulse mechanism first mentioned has been brought L10 out of contact with the cam 39. Thelever arm 37 is then swun inward by the spring .38 and releasesth'e 00k 24, which, consequently, by theaction of thespring 23 1s brought into engagement with the disk 26 of theimpulse mechanism II. The pointer 16 of the impulse mechanism last nientionedisthenadjusted-and the described series. of operations is repeated at all impulse mechanismgruntil atqtheadjustingrof 180 the last device-l hook 53 belonging to thesameslidesoflthe cam 49 of the impulse-disk 26, that'all hooks. 53 fixed to the shaft 52 are caused by the spring 55 to beara Them justment is. now completed and the receiver is.- removed'from. the fork 41 which results.- partly in the lever arm 63i beingraised; through thaaction. of thespring .65, so that in the manner described 'above the -3 operates in the following 75 after the adjusting of the disk 17 I00 impulse 1515 ainst the impulse-disks nespectively.

pawl 31 of the impulse mechanism I is rought out of engagement with the teeth 10 of the ratchet wheel 11 through the action of the double lever arm 72, partly in the lever arm 67 being swung upward simultaneously with the lever arm 63 and out of contact with the pin 70 of the regulating screw 5. Consequently, the impulse mecha-' nism I is released and, acted upon by the spring 14, the ratchet wheel 11 of the said device, the cam disk 27 and, through the action of the pin 29 and the shoulder 28, also the impulse disk 26 of the same device begin to rotate, the shaft 3 and the governor cooperatingwith the same being at the same time rotated through the action of the pawls 42, 43 and the ratchet wheel 4. The adjusting disk 17 with the pointer 16 is, however, still retained in the adjusted position by the catching device 19, 20, owing to the fact that the hook 24, as the receiver was removed and consequently the lever arm 37 was swung upward by the spring65, has been moved out of contact with the impulse disk 26.. At the same time as the impulse disk has reached its position of rest and the'tooth 48 has been brought'into contact with the abutment 47, the catching device 19, 20 has been moved out of engagement with the'teeth 18 of the adjusting disk 17 by a curve shaped part of the impulse disk, the said adjusting disk 17 being then returned rapidly to its position of rest by the spring 21, z'. e. the hook 24 brought into engagement with the shoulder 25 of the im-v pulse disk 26. During the rotary motion of the impulse disk its teeth act upon the hook 53 on the shaft 52 and the movements of the said hook are transmitted to the contact devices 58, 80, 81, 82, 83 by means of the lever arm 56 and the pin'-59, so that a number of impulses, corresponding to the efiected adjustment is emitted to the'line. At the same time as the impulse mechanism I reaches its position of rest, the disk 27 belonging to the same acts upon the pawl 31 of the impulse mechanism II by means of the cam 30, so that the impulse mechanism last mentioned is released and starts to operate in the samemanner as stated above with relation to the mechanism I.

The succeeding mechanisms III, IV and V are released and operate in the same manner, the desired connection being effected by the current impulses corresponding to the periods of connection respectively. The object of rendering the adjusting disks 17 and the pointers 16 independent of the rotary motion of the remaining disks 11, 27, 26 during the periods of connection is to permit the connecting operation to continue without impediment, even if for any reason the pointers 16 are prevented from returning to their positicns.,,'of rest. for" instance by holding the hand on the casing of the apparatus or the like.

A further advantage, gained by the present arrangement, consists in'the possibility of returning all the pointers to their positions of rest, if, after the adjustment has been effected, one for some reason does not desire to call thesubscriber in question or if the number has been wrongly set. As the pointers are returned, only the impulse disks are returned with the same, so that at the removing of the receiver the winding up mechanisms are put in motion but no emission of impulses is eifected. The apparatus operates-also in the same manner, if in a similar case only the pointer of the impulse mechanism V is returned, owing to the fact that all the hooks 53 are brought out of contact with the impulse disks respectively i not to complete the same, this is effected by a putting ,back the receiver, such a changed connection of the conductors being thereby I eflected, that the remaining connecting impulses cause the restoringof-the connecting apparatuses of the automatic switch, already shifted. In order to prevent the lever arm 67 from being swung downward during the said operation and stopping the return movement ofthe remaining impulse mechanisms by bearing against the pins 70 of the regulating screw 5, the lever arm 77 is provided, which, as the mechanism V is being adjusted, occupies the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. 6, in which position the projection 79 of,the lever arm 67 is brought into contact with the same. Consequently, the lever arm 67 can not be returned to :its position of rest through the action ofthespring 68, until also the im-' pulse mechanism V has been returned 2'. e.

the cam 30 of the disk 27 belonging to the i The switch apparatus described above may, evidently, be provided with any number of impulse mechanisms without the construction or the mode of action of the same being altered. r

The described apparatus may be considerably simplified, if'the condition is'given up, that the pointers should be held in their adjusted positions, until the corresponding impulse disks have reached their positions of rest. Insuch cases no special impulse disk 26' is necessary but the teeth 40 may be provided directly on theadjustingdisk 17, as shown in Fig; 11. Owing to tliis'arrangement the hooks 24, the levers 37 and the alputhments 47 are dispensed with. Instead o t e pin 29, Fig. 8, a pawl 85 pivoted to by a spring 87 is proper adjustment of the of which is provided with a roller 86, which forced finto the space between the teeth 88 arms cam disk 27. As the pointer 16 isadjusted the cam disk 27 'andthus the ratchet disk 11 are carried with it by the pawl 85 hearing against a pro ection 89 on the cam disk. If during the ad-' justment the pointer is advanced r a too long distance, it maybe returnedindependently of the ratchet disk 11 and the cam disk 27, during which movement the yield ing coupling consisting of the pawl 85, the spring 87 and the teeth 88 facilitate the pointer and keep the same in its adjusted position and in connection with the cam disk 27, so that the disk 17 partakes in the return movement of the" cam disk to-the position of rest, as the pawl 31 is disengaged from the ratchet disk. I

Through-the provision of the catching device 85, 88' the catching devices 18, 19 mentioned above and also the springs 21 acting upon the disks 17 may be dispensed with. The adjustment of the pointers 16 in wrong order'is prevented by the same being not stopped in an adjusted position, if the pawl 31 has not been released through the adjustment of the, next preceding pointer. Consequently, if a pointer is adjusted in wrong order, the said pointer returns immediately to its position of rest, carryin with itself the ratchet wheel 4 and the sha 3 without however 'efiectin'g any emission of impulses.

If finger disks are used insteadof the pointers 16, returning of the disks 17 can no longer be questioned and for that reason also the cam disk 27 is superfluous, owing to the" fact that the disk 17 may be connected with the ratchet .disk 11 and a projection on the disk 17 may be substituted for'the cam 30. suchcase the teeth 10 may be provided, if wanted, on the disk 17, so that also the ratchet disk 11 is dispensed with. When the apparatus is constructed in the said simplified manner, ordinary pointers may be used, provided that provisions are made, making possible corrections or wrong adjustments.

Figs. 12', 13 and 14 show another form of the regulating device combined with the simpli ed impulse mechanism shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 illustrates only'the parts necessary for the explanation of the new arrangement, some parts being shown in section. Fig. 13 shows an impulse mechanism, viewed from the left hand side in Fig. 12, and Fig. 14. shows the reigulatin- %evici ,2 viewed from the'right han side in The ratchet disk ll and the cam disk 27 are firmly connected by the 13 as shown in Fig. 11, and are retaine in their hearing by a nut 90. The ratchet disk 11 has been a return device for said impulse carries a pinion 91, which is journaled at its one side in the ratchet disk and at its other side in a yoke 92, fixed to the ratchet disk. The said pinion meshes with teeth 93 provided on the support 8 and concentric with the bearing provided in said support. To the shaft 94 of the pinion a ratchet wheel 95'is firmly fixed, which cotiperates with two pawls 96, 97, pivoted to a toothed wheel 98, loosely mounted on the shaft 94. The said wheel 98 .meshes with teeth out in the shaft 3 and extending alon its whole length. The shaft 3 is j ournale at its one end in an arm 99 fixed to one of the outer supports 8 and at its other end in a nut 106 fixed to the opposite support 8. A disk 100 is firmly connected with the end of the shaft 3 last mentioned, which disk carries two brake blocks 101, 102, which by means of plate springs 103, 104 are fixed to the periphery of the disk. The said blocks are brought by the centrifu a1 force into contact with the inner side 0 a brake drum 105, firmly connected with the nut 90.,

During the adjustment of the pointer 16 the pinion 91 rolls on the teeth 93, and the toothed wheel 98 on the teeth of the shaft 3, while the pawls 96, 97 slide on the teeth of the ratchet wheel 95 without engaging the same, so that the regulator 101, 102, 105 remains inoperative. As the impulse mechanism-returns to its other hand, the said pawls engage the ratchet wheel 95, so that the shaft 3 is rotated and causes the brake mechanism to op- 'erate. 1

The object of the described gearing-be tween the ratchet disk 11'and the shaft 3 is to facilitate the taking apart and puttin together of the apparatus. I After the sha t be withdrawn immediately openings of the supports and the latter can then be loosened independently one of the other. The same object is gained also b 10- catin the shaft outside the peripheryo the impuse disks, in which case, however, the gearing between the ratchet d1skand the shaft must be arranged in diflerent manner. Having now described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. An impulse transmitter for automatic telephone systems, consistin of a plurality of impulse mechanisms eac 1nclud 1ng an impulse disk, means for adjustin said disk,

'sk adapted to be wound up by the adjustment of the disk, means for locldng the return device in wound up position, and a coupling between the adjusting means and the return device operative in a forward adjustment but permitting ently of the return device.

2. All 11159 transmitter for automatic loosened from its bearings, it can through the position of rest, on the a backward adjustment independtelephone systems, consistin of a plurality of impulse mechanisms eac including, an

. impulsedisk, means for adjusting said disk,

turn device of the next preceding a return device for said impulse disk adapted to be wound up by the adjustment of the disk, means for locking the return device in wound up position, a coupling between the adjusting means and the return device op-' erative in a forward adjustment but permitting a backward adjustment independently of the return device, and a yielding coupling between the adjusting means an the return device. a

3. .An impulse transmitter for automatic telephone systems consisting of a plurality of impulse mechanisms each including an adjustable impulse effecting member, a re' turn device for said member, a common shaft connected to all return devices, a common speed regulator actuated by the said shaft, a spur gearing forming the connection between the shaft and each of the return devices and a ratchet wheel and pawl mechanism interposed between the shaft and each of the return devices.

4. An impulse transmitter for automatic telephone systems consisting of one or more impulse mechanisms each including an adjustable impulse effecting member, a return device for 'said member, a pinion carried by the return device and rolling on stationary teeth during the movement of the return device and a ratchet wheel firmly connected with the said pinion and transmitting the movement by means of pawls to a toothed wheel, a common shaft rotated by the said toothed wheel and a common speed regulator actuated by the shaft.

5. An impulse transmitter for automatic telephone systems consisting of a plurality of impulse mechanisms each including an impulse effecting member, means for ad justing said member, a return device /for said member, 'a clutch adapted to coniiectthe adjusting means with the impulse -e ifect ing member, means operated from the reimpulse mechanism and adapted to disen 'age the said clutch and means operated om the scribing witnesses.

next preceding impulse mechanism and adjusting means and the impulse effecting telephone systems consisting' of a plurality of impulse mechanisms each including an impulse effecting member, means for adjusting said member, a returndevice for said member, a disengageable clutch adapted to connect the adjusting means with the impulse effecting member, means for disengaging said clutch, a catching device adapted to hold the adjusting means in adjusted position and means actuated by the said return device and adapted to release the adjusting means by operating said catching device.

8. An impulse transmitter for automatic telephone systems consisting of a plurality of impulse mechanisms each. includin an impulseefiecting member, means for adjusting said member and a return device for said member, a common contact device, a

motion transmitting. device arranged -,between the several impulse efl'ecting members and the said contact device and a re-c taining device at the last impulse mechanism arranged to normally hold the motion'trans-f mitting device in an inaotiveposition.

witness whereof, I have hereunto signed my name in the presence of two sub-.

GO'I'HIILF Witnemes: Roam APEIBREN,

Gnu'ra Pumo,

nsem'ns nrrumma 50 adapted to effect the connection between'the a 

